An additional important aspect is the type of intergroup contact associated with an influx of immigrants. Reference Valentino, Soroka, Iyengar, Aalberg, Duch, Fraile and Hahn2019) or the socioeconomic status among natives (Strömblad and Malmberg Reference Strömblad and Malmberg2016). Yet, it is likely that certain conditions influence the effects of increased exposure to immigrants with regard to voting for anti-immigration parties, such as the skill level of immigrants (Hainmueller and Hiscox Reference Hainmueller and Hiscox2010 Valentino et al. A causal relationship between increased support for these types of parties and a higher influx of immigrants, especially from non-European countries, is often suggested in academic debates: in other words, natives are believed to oppose immigration when they are exposed to immigrants and refugees. At the same time, the rise of anti-immigration parties constitutes one of the largest changes to the European political landscape, as an increasing share of voters now support anti-immigration and protectionist policies. In many EU countries, the number of foreign-born individuals as a share of the population has come to exceed 10% and is in some cases approaching 15% or higher (Eurostat 2020). A majority of Western European countries have seen a large increase in the number of immigrants in recent decades.
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